INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
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FOREWORD
The Department of Energy (DOE) Fundamentals Handbooks consist of ten academic
subjects, which include Mathematics; Classical Physics; Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and
Fluid Flow; Instrumentation and Control; Electrical Science; Material Science; Mechanical
Science; Chemistry; Engineering Symbology, Prints, and Drawings; and Nuclear Physics and
Reactor Theory. The handbooks are provided as an aid to DOE nuclear facility contractors.
These handbooks were first published as Reactor Operator Fundamentals Manuals in 1985
for use by DOE Category A reactors. The subject areas, subject matter content, and level of
detail of the Reactor Operator Fundamentals Manuals was determined from several sources.
DOE Category A reactor training managers determined which materials should be included, and
served as a primary reference in the initial development phase. Training guidelines from the
commercial nuclear power industry, results of job and task analyses, and independent input from
contractors and operations-oriented personnel were all considered and included to some degree
in developing the text material and learning objectives.
The DOE Fundamentals Handbooks represent the needs of various DOE nuclear facilities'
fundamentals training requirements. To increase their applicability to nonreactor nuclear facilities,
the Reactor Operator Fundamentals Manual learning objectives were distributed to the Nuclear
Facility Training Coordination Program Steering Committee for review and comment. To update
their reactor-specific content, DOE Category A reactor training managers also reviewed and
commented on the content. On the basis of feedback from these sources, information that applied
to two or more DOE nuclear facilities was considered generic and was included. The final draft
of each of these handbooks was then reviewed by these two groups. This approach has resulted
in revised modular handbooks that contain sufficient detail such that each facility may adjust the
content to fit their specific needs.
Each handbook contains an abstract, a foreword, an overview, learning objectives, and
text material, and is divided into modules so that content and order may be modified by individual
DOE contractors to suit their specific training needs. Each subject area is supported by a separate
examination bank with an answer key.
The DOE Fundamentals Handbooks have been prepared for the Assistant Secretary for
Nuclear Energy, Office of Nuclear Safety Policy and Standards, by the DOE Training
Coordination Program. This program is managed by EG&G Idaho, Inc.
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
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OVERVIEW
The Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook entitled Instrumentation and Control
was prepared as an information resource for personnel who are responsible for the operation of
the Department's nuclear facilities. A basic understanding of instrumentation and control is
necessary for DOE nuclear facility operators, maintenance personnel, and the technical staff to
safely operate and maintain the facility and facility support systems. The information in the
handbook is presented to provide a foundation for applying engineering concepts to the job. This
knowledge will help personnel more fully understand the impact that their actions may have on the
safe and reliable operation of facility components and systems.
The Instrumentation and Control handbook consists of seven modules that are contained
in two volumes. The following is a brief description of the information presented in each module
of the handbook.
Volume 1 of 2
Module 1 - Temperature Detectors
This module describes the construction, operation, and failure modes for various
types of temperature detectors and indication circuits.
Module 2 - Pressure Detectors
This module describes the construction, operation, and failure modes for various
types of pressure detectors and indication circuits.
Module 3 - Level Detectors
This module describes the construction, operation, and failure modes for various
types of level detectors and indication circuits.
Module 4 - Flow Detectors
This module describes the construction, operation, and failure modes for various
types of flow detectors and indication circuits.
Module 5 - Position Indicators
This module describes the construction, operation, and failure modes for various
types of position indicators and control circuits.
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
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Volume 2 of 2
Module 6 - Radiation Detectors
This module describes the principles of radiation detection, detector operation,
circuit operation, and specific radiation detector applications.
Module 7 - Principles of Control Systems
This module describes the principles of operation for control systems used in
evaluating and regulating changing conditions in a process.
The information contained in this handbook is by no means all encompassing. An attempt
to present the entire subject of instrumentation and control would be impractical. However, the
Instrumentation and Control handbook does present enough information to provide the reader
with a fundamental knowledge level sufficient to understand the advanced theoretical concepts
presented in other subject areas, and to better understand basic system and equipment operations.
Department of Energy
Fundamentals Handbook
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
Module 1
Temperature Detectors
Temperature Detectors TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES ii
LIST OF TABLES .iii
REFERENCES . iv
OBJECTIVES v
RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS (RTDs) 1
Temperature 1
RTD Construction 2
Summary 4
THERMOCOUPLES . 5
Thermocouple Construction . 5
Thermocouple Operation . 6
Summary 7
FUNCTIONAL USES OF TEMPERATURE DETECTORS 8
Functions of Temperature Detectors 8
Detector Problems 8
Environmental Concerns 9
Summary 9
TEMPERATURE DETECTION CIRCUITRY . 10
Bridge Circuit Construction 10
Bridge Circuit Operation 12
Temperature Detection Circuit . 14
Temperature Compensation . 15
Summary . 16
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LIST OF FIGURES Temperature Detectors
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Electrical Resistance-Temperature Curves . 2
Figure 2 Internal Construction of a Typical RTD 3
Figure 3 RTD Protective Well and Terminal Head . 4
Figure 4 Thermocouple Material Characteristics
When Used with Platinum . 5
Figure 5 Internal Construction of a Typical Thermocouple . 6
Figure 6 Simple Thermocouple Circuit . 6
Figure 7 Temperature-vs-Voltage Reference Table . 7
Figure 8 Bridge Circuit . 11
Figure 9 Unbalanced Bridge Circuit 12
Figure 10 Balanced Bridge Circuit 13
Figure 11 Block Diagram of a Typical Temperature
Detection Circuit . 14
Figure 12 Resistance Thermometer Circuit with Precision
Resistor in Place of Resistance Bulb . 15
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